Rafael O. Tinoco

Research Statement

Research Statement

Introduction: At UIUC I have built a research group that addresses ecohydraulic challenges from rivers to coastal regions, from bed substrate to water surface. Based on rigorous fluid mechanics principles, we investigate feedbacks and interactions between flow and organisms using state-of-the-art experimental techniques. We use our hydrodynamic toolsets to better understand flow-biota interactions based on turbulent processes, as we have shown that turbulence metrics work better than mean flow parameters to characterize flow-biota interactions. We aim to: (1) develop new models to assess the role of aquatic ecosystems on transport processes, (2) create strategies for monitoring and control of aquatic species, and (3) build theoretical frameworks, leveraged on our understanding of hydrodynamic processes, to ensure a balance between aquatic ecosystems’ health and the ecosystem services they provide.

Research group: My research group has led collaborations with multidisciplinary domestic and international research groups. Such collaborations allowed us to bridge gaps across laboratory experiments and field observations, and between small-scale high resolution hydrodynamic models and large-scale morphodynamic models. My research has been funded by local, regional, and federal agencies, totaling $2,823,013 in research funds, from which $1,977,741 correspond to my group at UIUC. Those grants allowed us to conduct unique, novel series of laboratory experiments at the Ven Te Chow Hydrosystems Laboratory (VTCHL) and at the Ecohydraulics and Ecomporhodynamics Laboratory (EEL). Our findings have been published in the top leading journals in our field, and have been presented at multiple international conferences where they have been positively received by the community. Recognition from our work in the field of Ecohydraulics and Ecomorphodynamics has allowed me to organize successful special sessions at various conferences since 2016, and helped me being elected to the IAHR Leadership Team of the Ecohydraulics Technical Committee in 2019.

Vision: I aim to advance our understanding of flow-biota interactions through characterization of fundamental physical processes to allow large-scale long-term predictions of ecosystem alterations and morphodynamic change. Previous to my appointment at UIUC I had developed parameterizations for drag exerted by aquatic vegetation in streams and its impact on canopy flows (Tinoco & Cowen 2013, King et al. 2012), followed by the first series of laboratory experiments that showed the relevance of vegetation-generated turbulence as the main driver of sediment resuspension in canopy flows for emergent and submerged vegetation, in both fluvial (unidirectional flows, Tinoco & Coco 2014, 2016) and coastal regions (oscillatory flows, Tinoco & Coco 2014, 2018). My research group at UIUC has branched out to assess the role of turbulent flows on ecosystem functions and services, focusing on: (1) Transport processes through aquatic ecosystems, (2) Control and monitoring of aquatic invasive species, and (3) Hydrodynamic-based frameworks for assessment of ecosystem health.

Transport processes through aquatic ecosystems: The overarching theme of my research is to advance the fundamental understanding of physical interactions between flow, aquatic organisms, and their habitat, as we describe in our vision paper in Tinoco et al. (2019). Funded by an NSF-GLD CAREER Award (CAREER - From Substrate to Surface: Quantifying the Impact of Aquatic Vegetation on Exchange Processes 2018-2023) we have characterized transport processes at the sediment-water and water-air interfaces, at the core of the doctoral work of two research group members (San Juan 2021, Tseng 2022). We identified how the biomechanical feedback between flow and plants determines three-dimensional plant motion, creating blade- and leaf-scale eddies from the prone branches near the bed that affects sediment transport capabilities (San Juan et al. 2019). We developed a two-layer model that includes three turbulence sources (from stems, from the bed, and from coherent structures caused by stem-bed-flow interactions) to more accurately predict suspended sediment concentration profiles for streams with aquatic vegetation (Tseng & Tinoco 2021a). Moving from the substrate to the surface, we developed a modified surface-renewal model to predict surface gas transfer rates in vegetated flows based on the production of turbulent kinetic energy by plant canopies (Tseng & Tinoco 2020), and connected both sediment resuspension and gas transfer dynamics by developing a process-based model for gas transfer across the sediment-water-air interfaces in vegetated streams (Tseng & Tinoco 2021b). Our work has helped us understand the links between sediment-oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen dynamics in the presence of benthic populations, which we envision as a key component on improving global carbon budgets for climate change prediction. The laboratory efforts have been complemented by numerical experiments, supported by computational allocations by INCITE at Oak Ridge/Argonne Leadership Computing Facility and NCSA-Blue Waters Awards, focused on resolving three-dimensional features not captured by the laboratory experiments (Ranjan 2018, Ranjan et al.* Submitted to Physics of Fluids). To develop a full picture from streams to the ocean, we have developed simplified predictors for turbulence metrics for aquatic vegetation under waves, to assess turbulent kinetic energy near the bed and at the top of vegetation canopies, both paramount in the prediction of sediment transport and mixing in aquatic ecosystems (San Juan & Tinoco*, Ch. 3 of San Juan 2021, submitted to JGR-ES). We use such turbulence metrics to build a modified turbulence-based Shields number to predict near bed sediment concentration and develop a simplified exponential model to account for vegetation-generated turbulence and upward convective sediment fluxes from vegetation-bed-wave interactions (San Juan et al.**, Ch. 4 of San Juan 2021, in prep. for WRR). The last pieces of this effort, to adapt our surface gas transfer model to wave conditions and test our predictors against field data are currently underway, directly linked to a New Zealand-Marsden Fund supported collaboration (Bridging the laboratory-field divide to accurately predict the evolution of coastlines) with the University of Waikato and University of Maryland. The Marsden-funded project will allow us to collect data in mangrove forests in the coast of NZ to validate and adapt our predictors to more complex and realistic scenarios.

Control and monitoring of aquatic species: Based on our work on flow-vegetation interactions, we identified that a precise description of transport of aquatic species in streams can’t be made from a purely biological approach. Funded by the US Geological Survey (Laboratory experiments on Asian carp eggs and larvae: characterization of settling velocities, drifting response, and survival rate, 2018-2020), working with a team of biologists and hydrologists, we identified the effect of turbulent flow features on survival rates of invasive grass carp eggs and larvae (Prada et al. 2018) and quantified turbulent thresholds that determine whether larvae are attracted or deterred from in-stream structures (Prada et al. 2019, 2021). We also determined how turbulent length scales and turbulent time scales are more relevant than turbulence intensity for larvae to identify shelter regions within aquatic vegetation (Tinoco et al. 2022). The toolset developed during our grass carp studies allowed us to expand in three new directions: 1) to implement our findings on behavioral response of larvae to turbulent flow features in numerical Lagrangian models (e.g., FluEgg), 2) to develop new barriers for control of invasive carp in rivers (project funded by the US Geological Survey, Efficacy of an Oblique Bubble Screen System as a Two-Way Dispersal Barrier for Invasive Carp, 2021-2024), and to assess the response of other invasive species to turbulence features, such as sea lamprey in the Great Lakes (funded by the Great Lakes Fishery Commission. Identifying turbulence features that alter trap efficiency of upstream-swimming lamprey, 2021-2022).

Ecosystem health and ecosystem services: As we continue our work to better understand fundamental physical processes and flow-biota interactions, we are establishing collaborations to apply our findings at local and regional scales. Working on a project funded by the Illinois-Indiana SeaGrant Program (Investigating fish energy use and swimming behavior in complex, turbulent flows to guide habitat management, conservation, and restoration in Lake Michigan tributaries 2018-2021) we identified physiological responses of fish to various types of turbulence features (Strailey et al. 2020) to inform better practices on fish ladders, stream restoration and naturalization. A recently awarded grant from the US Geological Survey with the Illinois Water Resources Center (Enemy of my enemy?: Ecohydraulic assessment of interactions of multiple invasive species in the Upper Mississippi River basin 2022-2025) will allow us to build a framework to (a) improve understanding of the impact of invasive species on lakes and rivers, including water quality and ecosystem dynamics; (b) identify lake and river characteristics that promote or hinder their establishment; and (c) guide management decisions that will improve water resources at regional scales. A new project with the US Army Corps of Engineers (Evaluation of Micro-Hydro Units for Army Resilience 2022-2023) will allow us to optimize energy output in shallow-flows turbines, addressing the environmental impact of the micro-hydro deployments. We have ongoing and under review proposals for green infrastructure and nature based solutions aimed at continuing our work across scales to develop practical solutions to address critical challenges in rivers and coastal cities.

Primary Research Area

• Water Resources Engineering and Science

Research Areas

• Water Resources Engineering and Science

Books Edited or Co-Edited (Original Editions)

• Coco, G., Blanco, B., Olabarrieta, M., and Tinoco, R.O., 8th Symposium on River, Coastal, and Estuarine Morphodynamics (RCEM2013), Book of Abstracts, Santander, Spain, 2013.

Selected Articles in Journals

• Ranjan, P., Mittal, K., Chamorro, L.P. & Tinoco, R.O., "Impact of gaps on the flow statistics in an emergent rigid canopy", Physics of Fluids, Accepted May 13, 2022.
• Jin, C., Coco, G., Tinoco, R.O., Ranjan, P., Gong, Z., Dutta, S., San Juan, J., & Friedrich, H. 2022, “High-resolution Large Eddy Simulations of Vortex Dynamics Over Ripple Defects under Oscillatory Flow, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006328
• Tseng, C-Y. & Tinoco, R. O., 2021. “From Substrate to Surface: A Turbulence-based Model for Gas Transfer across Sediment-water-air Interfaces in Vegetated Stream”. Water Resources Research, 57, e2021WR030776. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR030776
• Jin, C., Coco, G., Tinoco, R.O., Ranjan, P., San Juan, J., Dutta, S., Friedrich, H. & Gong, Z. 2021. "Large-Eddy Simulation of Three-Dimensional Flow Structures Over Wave-generated Ripples", Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. Accepted March 22, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5120
• You, H. & Tinoco, R.O., 2021, "Analyzing the response of grass carp larvae to acoustic stimuli using particle tracking velocimetry". Water, 13(5), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13050603
• Tseng, C.Y. and Tinoco, R.O., 2021. "A Two‐Layer Turbulence‐based Model to Predict Suspended Sediment Concentration in Flows with Aquatic Vegetation. Geophysical Research Letters", 48, p.e2020GL091255. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091255
• Prada, A.F., George, A.E., Stahlschmidt, B.H., Jackson, P.R., Chapman, D.C. and Tinoco, R.O., 2021. "Using turbulence to identify preferential areas for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) larvae in streams: a laboratory study". Water Resources Research, 57, p.2020WR028102. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR028102
• Tinoco, R.O., Prada, A.F., George, A.E., Stahlschmidt, B.H., Jackson, P.R., Chapman, D.C., 2020. “Identifying turbulence features hindering swimming capabilities of grass carp larvae (Ctenopharyngodon idella) through submerged vegetation”. Journal of Ecohydraulics. https://doi.org/10.1080/24705357.2020.1835566
• Strailey, K.K., Osborn R. T., Tinoco, R.O., Cienciala, P., Rhoads, B.L., & Suski, C.D., 2020, “Simulated instream restoration structures offer swimming and energetic advantages at high flow velocities”, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science. 78(1): 40-56. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2020-0032
• Tseng, C.Y. and Tinoco, R.O., 2020. "A model to predict surface gas transfer rate in streams based on turbulence production by aquatic vegetation". Advances in Water Resources, 143, p.103666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2020.103666
• Jin, C., Coco, G., Tinoco, R.O., Perron, J.T., Myrow, P.M., Huppert, K.L., Friedrich, H., Goldstein, E.B. and Gong, Z., 2020. "Investigating the response of wave-generated ripples to changes in wave forcing". Geomorphology, 363, p.107229, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107229.
• Yadav, V., Sherly, M.A., Ranjan, P., Tinoco, R.O., Boldrin, A., Damgaard, A., & Laurent, A., 2020, “Framework for quantifying environmental losses of plastics from landfills”, Resources, Conservation & Recycling. 161, p.104914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104914
• Prada, A.F., George, A.E., Stahlschmidt, B.H., Jackson, P.R., Chapman, D.C. and Tinoco, R.O., 2020. "Influence of turbulence and in-stream structures on the transport and survival of grass carp eggs and larvae at various developmental stages". Aquatic Sciences, 82(1), p.16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-019-0689-1
• Tinoco, R.O., San Juan, J., & Mullarney, J., 2020, “Simplification Bias: Lessons from Laboratory and Field Data on Vegetation-Flow-Sediment Interactions”, Earth Surf. Proces. Landforms, 45, 121-143, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4743.
• Jin, C., Goldstein E., Zheng, G., Tinoco, R.O., & Coco, G., 2019. "Laboratory experiments on the role of hysteresis, defect dynamics and initial perturbation on wave-generated ripple development", Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 224, 142-153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.05.003
• San Juan, J., Veliz-Carrillo, G., & Tinoco, R.O., 2019, "Experimental observations of 3D flow alterations by vegetation under oscillatory flows", Env. Fluid Mech. 19:1497-1525 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-019-09672-2
• Prada, A.F., George, A.E., Stahlschmidt, B.H., Chapman, D.C. and Tinoco, R.O., 2018. "Survival and drifting patterns of grass carp eggs and larvae in response to interactions with flow and sediment in a laboratory flume". PloS one, 13(12), p.e0208326. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208326
• Leman A., Holland, M., Tinoco, R.O., 2018, "Identifying the dominant physical processes for mixing in full-scale raceway tanks” Renewable Energy, 129(A), 616-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.05.087
• Salim, S., Pattiaratchi, C., Tinoco, R. O., & Jayaratne, R., 2018, "Sediment resuspension due to near‐bed turbulent effects: A deep sea case study on the Northwest Continental Slope of Western Australia". J. Geophys. Res: Oceans, 123. 7102-7119. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC013819
• Tinoco R.O., & Coco, G. 2018, "Turbulence as the main driver of resuspension on oscillatory flows through vegetation", J Geophys Res: Earth Surface. 123(5), pp.891-904. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JF004504
• Salim, S., Pattiaratchi, C., Tinoco, R., Coco, G., Hetzel, Y., Wijeratne, S. and Jayaratne, R., 2017. "The influence of turbulent bursting on sediment resuspension under unidirectional currents". Earth Surface Dynamics, 5(3), p.399. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-399-2017
• Tinoco, R.O., & Coco, G., 2016. “A laboratory study on sediment resuspension within arrays of rigid cylinders”, Advances in Water Resources, 92, 1-9, DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.04.003.
• Muriel, D.F., Tinoco, R.O., Filardo, B.P., & Cowen, E.A., 2016. "Development of a novel, robust, sustainable and low cost self-powered water pump for use in free-flowing liquid streams", Renewable Energy,91, 466-476. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.01.089
• Tinoco, R.O., Goldstein, E. & Coco, G., 2015. “A data-driven approach as a tool to find physically sound predictors: Application to depth-averaged velocities on flows through submerged arrays of rigid cylinders”, Water Resources Research, 51(2), 1247-1263. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016380
• Garcia, J., Gomez, A.G., Tinoco, R.O., Samano, M.L., Garcia, A. & Juanes, J., 2014. “A 3D model to analyze environmental effects of dredging operations. Application to the Port of Marin, Spain”, Advances in Geosciences. 39, 95-99. DOI: 10.5194/adgeo-39-95-2014
• Tinoco, R.O., & Coco, G., 2014. “Observations on the effect of emergent vegetation on sediment resuspension under unidirectional currents and waves.”, Earth Surface Dynamics, 2(1), 83-96. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-83-2014
• Coco, G., Zhou, Z., van Maanen, B., Olabarrieta, M., Tinoco, R.O., & Townend, I., 2013. “Morphodynamics of tidal networks: Advances and challenges”. Marine Geology, 346, 1-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2013.08.005
• Tinoco, R.O. & Cowen, E.A., 2013. “The direct and indirect measurement of boundary stress and drag on individual and complex arrays of elements”. Experiments in Fluids, 54(4), 1-16. DOI: 10.1007/s00348-013-1509-3
• King, A.T., Tinoco, R.O., & Cowen, E.A., 2012. “A k-\epsilon turbulence model based on the scales of vertical shear and stem wakes valid for emergent and submerged vegetated flows”. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 701: 1-39. DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2012.113
• Jaime, A. & Tinoco, R.O., 2006. “Métodos de valuación de externalidades ambientales provocadas por obras de ingeniería (Valuation of environmental externalities in engineering projects), Ingeniería, Investigación y Tecnología, Vol. VII.2, 2006, 105-119, ISSN 1405-7743, in Spanish

Articles in Conference Proceedings

• Tinoco, R.O., Diaz-Gonzalez, D., Blahnik, L., Freitag, B. & Carlstrom, S., “Thermal Mixing at Vegetated Stream Confluences”, 38th IAHR World Congress, September 1-6, 2019, Panama City, Panama.
• King, A.T., Rueda-Valdivia, F.J., Tinoco, R.O., & Cowen, E.A., "Modeling flow and transport through aquatic vegetation in natural water bodies", In Water Engineering for a Sustainable Environment, Proceedings of the 33rd IAHR Congress, Vancouver BC, Canada, August 13, 2009.
• Tinoco, R.O. & Cowen, E.A., “Experimental study of flow through macrophyte canopies”, In Water Engineering for a Sustainable Environment, Proceedings of the 33rd IAHR Congress, Vancouver BC, Canada, pp. 6160-6166. 2009
• Tinoco, R.O. & Cowen, E.A., “Effects of aquatic vegetation density on low speed flows”, Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ecohydraulics, Concepción, Chile, January 13, 2009. p. 510-515

Magazine Articles

• Tinoco, R.O., & Jaime, A., 2005. La carrera de Ingeniería Civil: una prospectiva (Expectations of the programs of Civil Engineering). Civil Engineering Journal from the CICM, 425(52), September 2004, in Spanish.

Reports

• Rutherford, C., Pinter, N., Gamez, J., Harder, L., Lobbestael, A., Musgrove, M., Tinoco, R.O., Bernhardt, M., Mofarraj, B., Uong, M.D., & Heddlesten, A. Preliminary Observations of Levee Performance and Damage following the 2015-16 Midwest Floods in Missouri and Illinois, USA. GEER Report.
• Tinoco, R.O., & Jaime, A., 2005. Evolución de las carreras de Ingeniería Civil (Evolution of the Civil Engineering programs), FICA Book series, 2005, in Spanish.

Teaching Honors

• List of Teachers ranked as Excellent by their Students, Fall 2020 (CEE555) (Fall 2020)
• List of Teachers ranked as Excellent by their Students, Fall 2018 (CEE555) (Fall 2018)
• List of Teachers ranked as Excellent by their Students, Spring 2017 (CEE498eh). (Spring 2017)

Research Honors

• NSF CAREER Award (2018)

Other Honors

• Student award: Chien-Yung Tseng – awarded Best Young Professional Award at the IAHR 9th International Symposium on Environmental Hydraulics. Seoul, Korea. (July 2021)
• Augusto Gonzalez Linares Fellowship to attract international talent in strategic areas, University of Cantabria, Spain (2012 - 2014)